Chapter 13: Geographical Projections and Plotting Maps

This chapter presents different methods to project geographical coordinates onto a plane surface. Several base maps are stored in DISLIN for plotting maps.

13.1 Axis Systems and Secondary Axes

G R A F M P

The routine GRAFMP plots a geographical axis system.

The call is: CALL GRAFMP (XA, XE, XOR, XSTP, YA, YE, YOR, YSTP)

level 1

or: void grafmp (float xa, float xe, float xor, float xstp, float ya, float ye, float yor, float ystp);

XA, XE are the lower and upper limits of the X-axis.

XOR, XSTP are the first X-axis label and the step between labels.

YA, YE are the lower and upper limits of the Y-axis.

YOR, YSTP are the first Y-axis label and the step between labels.

Additional notes:

GRAFMP must be called from level 1 and sets the level to 2.
The axes must be linear and scaled in ascending order. In general, X-axes must be scaled between -180 and 180 degrees and Y-axes between -90 and 90 degrees.
For elliptical projections, the plotting of an axis system will be suppressed. This will also be done for azimuthal projections with YE - YA > 90.
The statement CALL GRIDMP (I, J) overlays an axis system with a longitude and latitude grid where I and J are the number of grid lines between labels in the X- and Y-direction.

X A X M A P

The routine XAXMAP plots a secondary X-axis.

The call is: CALL XAXMAP (A, B, OR, STEP, CSTR, NT, NY) level 2

or: void xaxmap (float a, float b, float or, float step, const char *cstr, int nt, int ny);

A, B are the lower and upper limits of the X-axis.

OR, STEP are the first label and the step between labels.

CSTR is a character string containing the axis name.

NT indicates how ticks, labels and the axis name are plotted. If NT = 0, they are plotted in a clockwise direction. If NT = 1, they are plotted in a counter-clockwise direction.

NY defines the horizontal position of the X-axis. A secondary axis must be located inside the axis system.

Y A X M A P

The routine YAXMAP plots a secondary Y-axis.

The call is: CALL YAXMAP (A, B, OR, STEP, CSTR, NT, NX) level 2

or: void yaxmap (float a, float b, float or, float step, const char *cstr, int nt, int nx);

A, B are the lower and upper limits of the Y-axis.

OR, STEP are the first label and the step between labels.

CSTR is a character string containing the axis name.

NT indicates how ticks, labels and the axis name are plotted. If NT = 0, they are plotted in a clockwise direction. If NT = 1, they are plotted in a counter-clockwise direction.

NX defines the vertical position of the Y-axis. A secondary axis must be located inside the axis system.

13.2 Defining the Projection

Since a globe cannot be unfolded into a plane surface, many different methods have been developed to represent a globe on a plane surface. In cartography, there are 4 basic methods differentiated by attributes such as equal distance, area and angle.

The 4 basic methods are:

Cylindrical Projections
The surface of the globe is projected onto a cylinder which can be unfolded into a plane surface and touches the globe at the equator. The latitudes and longitudes of the globe are projected as straight lines.
Conical Projections
The surface of the globe is projected onto a cone which can also be unfolded into a plane surface. The cone touches or intersects the globe at two latitudes. The longitudes are projected as straight lines intersecting at the top of the cone and the latitudes are projected as concentric circles around the top of the cone.
Azimuthal Projections
For azimuthal projections, a hemisphere is projected onto a plane which touches the hemisphere at a point called the map pole. The longitudes and latitudes are projected as circles.
Elliptical Projections
Elliptical projections project the entire surface of the globe onto an elliptical region.

P R O J C T

The routine PROJCT selects the geographical projection.

The call is: CALL PROJCT (CTYPE) level 1

or: void projct (const char *ctype);

CTYPE is a character string defining the projection.

= 'CYLI' defines a cylindrical equidistant projection.

= 'MERC' selects the Mercator projection.

= 'EQUA' defines a cylindrical equal-area projection.

= 'HAMM' defines the elliptical projection of Hammer.

= 'AITO' defines the elliptical projection of Aitoff.

= 'WINK' defines the elliptical projection of Winkel.

= 'SANS' defines the elliptical Mercator-Sanson projection.

= 'CONI' defines a conical equidistant projection.

= 'ALBE' defines a conical equal-area projection (Albers).

= 'CONF' defines a conical conformal projection.

= 'AZIM' defines an azimuthal equidistant projection.

= 'LAMB' defines an azimuthal equal-area projection.

= 'STER' defines an azimuthal stereographic projection.

= 'ORTH' defines an azimuthal orthographic projection.

= 'MYPR' defines a user-defined projection.
Default: CTYPE = 'CYLI'.

Additional notes:

For cylindrical equidistant projections, the scaling parameters in GRAFMP must be in the range:
```
             -540 <= XA <= XE <= 540
             -180 <= YA <= YE <= 180
```

For Mercator projections:

             -540 <= XA <= XE <= 540
             - 85 <= YA <= YE <=  85

For cylindrical equal-area projections:

             -540 <= XA <= XE <= 540
             - 90 <= YA <= YE <=  90

For elliptical projections:

             -540 <= XA <= XE <= 540
                 XE - XA <= 360
             - 90 <= YA <= YE <=  90

For conical projections:
```
             -540 <= XA <= XE <= 540
                0 <= YA <= YE <=  90  or
             - 90 <= YA <= YE <=   0
```
For azimuthal projections with YE - YA > 90, the hemisphere around the map pole is projected onto a circle. Therefore, the hemisphere can be selected with the map pole. The plotting of the axis system is by default suppressed.
If YE - YA <= 90, the part of the globe defined by the axis scaling is projected onto a rectangle. The map pole will be set by GRAFMP to ((XA+XE)/2, (YE+YA)/2). The scaling parameters must be in the range:
```
             -180 <= XA <= XE <= 180 and
                      XE - XA <= 180
             - 90 <= YA <= YE <=  90
```
For all projections except the default projection, longitude and latitude coordinates will be projected with the same scaling factor for the X- and Y-axis. The scaling factor is determined by the scaling of the Y-axis while the scaling of the X-axis is used to centre the map. The longitude (XA+XE)/2 always lies in the centre of the axis system.
Geographical projections can only be used for routines described in this chapter or routines that plot contours.

13.3 Plotting Maps

W O R L D

The routine WORLD plots coastlines and lakes or political borders. Coastlines and lakes are plotted by default, political borders can be enabled with the routine MAPOPT.

The call is: CALL WORLD level 2
or: void world (void);

Additional note:

The routine WORLD supports also some external map coordinates (see MAPBAS).

S H D M A P

The routine SHDMAP plots shaded continents.

The call is: CALL SHDMAP (CMAP) level 2

or: void shdmap (const char *cmap);

CMAP is a character string defining the continent.

= 'AFRI' means Africa.

= 'ANTA' means the Antarctic.

= 'AUST' means Australia.

= 'EURA' means Europe and Asia.

= 'NORT' means North America.

= 'SOUT' means South America.

= 'LAKE' means lakes.

= 'ALL' means all continents and lakes.

= 'SEA' means that oceans and lakes are shaded.

= 'LSEA' means that oceans and lakes are shaded, where 'gshhs_l.b' is used for sea shading.

= 'ISEA' means that oceans and lakes are shaded, where 'gshhs_i.b' is used for sea shading.

= 'HSEA' means that oceans and lakes are shaded, where 'gshhs_h.b' is used for sea shading.

= 'LAND' means that all land is shaded without lakes.

= 'GSHL' means that 'gshhs_l.b' is used for all land shading.

= 'GSHI' means that 'gshhs_l.i' is used for all land shading.

= 'GSHH' dmeans that 'gshhs_l.h' is used for all land shading.

Additional note:

Shading patterns can be selected with SHDPAT and MYPAT except for 'SEA' and 'LAND' shading, where a solid shading is used. Colours can be defined with COLOR and SETCLR.

S H D A F R

The routine SHDAFR plots shaded African countries.

The call is: CALL SHDAFR (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N) level 2

or: void shdafr (const int *inray, const long *ipray, const int *icray, int n);

INRAY is an integer array containing the countries to be shaded. INRAY can have the following values:
1: Algeria 19: Gabon 37: Nigeria 2: Angola 20: Gambia 38: Ruanda 3: Benin 21: Ghana 39: Senegal 4: Botswana 22: Guinea 40: Seychelles 5: Burkina Faso 23: Guinea Bissau 41: Sierra Leone 6: Burundi 24: Kenya 42: Somalia 7: Cameroon 25: Lesotho 43: South Africa 8: Central Afr. Rep. 26: Liberia 44: Sudan 9: Chad 27: Libya 45: Swaziland 10: Comoros 28: Madagascar 46: Tanzania 11: Congo, Dem. Rep. 29: Malawi 47: Togo 12: Congo, Rep. 30: Mali 48: Tunisia 13: Cote d'Ivoire 31: Mauritania 49: Uganda 14: Djibouti 32: Mauritius 50: West Sahara 15: Egypt 33: Morocco 51: Zambia 16: Equatorial Guinea 34: Mozambique 52: Zimbabwe 17: Eritrea 35: Namibia 18: Ethiopia 36: Niger 0: Africa

IPRAY is an integer array containing shading patterns.

ICRAY is an integer array containing colour numbers. The value -1 means that the current colour is used.

N is the number of countries to be shaded.

S H D A S I

The routine SHDASI plots shaded Asiatic countries.

The call is: CALL SHDASI (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N) level 2

or: void shdasi (const int *inray, const long *ipray, const int *icray, int n);

INRAY is an integer array containing the countries to be shaded. INRAY can have the following values:
1: Afghanistan 19: Jordan 37: Saudi Arabia 2: Armenia 20: Kazakhstan 38: Sri Lanka 3: Azerbaijan 21: Korea (North) 39: Singapore 4: Bangladesh 22: Korea (South) 40: Spratly 5: Bhutan 23: Kuwait 41: Syria 6: Brunei 24: Kyrgyzstan 42: Taiwan 7: Burma 25: Laos 43: Tajikistan 8: Cambodia 26: Lebanon 44: Thailand 9: China 27: Malaysia 45: Turkey 10: Emirates 28: Maldives 46: Turkmenistan 11: Gaza 29: Mongolia 47: Uzbekistan 12: Georgia 30: Nepal 48: Vietnam 13: India 31: Oman 49: Westbank 14: Indonesia 32: Pakistan 50: Yemen 15: Iran 33: Paracel 51: Bahrain 16: Iraq 34: Philippines 17: Israel 35: Qatar 18: Japan 36: Russia 0: All

IPRAY is an integer array containing shading patterns.

ICRAY is an integer array containing colour numbers. The value -1 means that the current colour is used.

N is the number of countries to be shaded.

S H D A U S

The routine SHDAUS plots shaded countries of Australia and Oceania.

The call is: CALL SHDAUS (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N) level 2

or: void shdaus (const int *inray, const long *ipray, const int *icray, int n);

INRAY is an integer array containing the countries to be shaded. INRAY can have the following values:
1: Australia 6: Nauru 11: Solomon 2: Fiji 7: New Caledonia 12: Tonga 3: Kiribati 8: New Zealand 13: Tuvalu 4: Marshall 9: Papua New Guinea 14: Vanuatu 5: Micronesia 10: Samoa 0: All

IPRAY is an integer array containing shading patterns.

ICRAY is an integer array containing colour numbers. The value -1 means that the current colour is used.

N is the number of countries to be shaded.

S H D E U R

The routine SHDEUR plots shaded European countries.

The call is: CALL SHDEUR (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N) level 2

or: void shdeur (const int *inray, const long *ipray, const int *icray, int n);

INRAY is an integer array containing the countries to be shaded. INRAY can have the following values:
1: Albania 17: Luxembourg 33: Belarus 2: Andorra 18: Malta 34: Bosnia 3: Belgium 19: Netherlands 35: Croatia 4: Bulgaria 20: North Ireland 36: Czech Republic 5: Germany 21: Norway 37: Estonia 6: Denmark 22: Austria 38: Latvia 7: Cyprus 23: Poland 39: Lithuania 8: United Kingdom 24: Portugal 40: Macedonia 9: Finland 25: Romania 41: Moldavia 10: France 26: Sweden 42: Russia 11: Greece 27: Switzerland 43: Serbia 12: Ireland 28: Spain 44: Slovakia 13: Iceland 29: CSFR 45: Slovenia 14: Italy 30: Turkey 46: Ukraine 15: Yugoslavia 31: USSR 47: Kosovo 16: Liechtenstein 32: Hungary 48: Montenegro 49: North Cyprus 50: South Cyprus 0: Europe

IPRAY is an integer array containing shading patterns.

ICRAY is an integer array containing colour numbers. The value -1 means that the current colour is used.

N is the number of countries to be shaded.

Additional notes:

The plotting of outlines can be suppressed with CALL NOARLN.
To stay compatible with older programs, the number 15 (Yugoslavia) plots Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia, the number 29 (CSFR) plots Czech Republic and Slovakia and the number 31 (USSR) plots Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia and Ukraine.

S H D N O R

The routine SHDNOR plots shaded countries of North and Central America.

The call is: CALL SHDNOR (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N) level 2

or: void shdnor (const int *inray, const long *ipray, const int *icray, int n);

INRAY is an integer array containing the states to be shaded. INRAY can have the following values:
1: Alaska 13: El Salvador 25: Nicaragua 2: Antigua, Barbuda 14: Greenland 26: Panama 3: Bahamas 15: Grenada 27: Puerto Rico 4: Barbados 16: Guadeloupe 28: St. Kitts, Nevis 5: Belize 17: Guatemala 29: St. Lucia 6: British Virgin 18: Haiti 30: St. Vincent 7: Caiman Islands 19: Honduras 31: Trinidad 8: Canada 20: Jamaica 32: USA 9: Costa Rica 21: Martinique 10: Cuba 22: Mexico 11: Dominica 23: Montserrat 12: Dominican Rep. 24: Neth. Antilles 0: All

IPRAY is an integer array containing shading patterns.

ICRAY is an integer array containing colour numbers. The value -1 means that the current colour is used.

N is the number of states to be shaded.

S H D S O U

The routine SHDSOU plots shaded states of South America.

The call is: CALL SHDSOU (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N) level 2

or: void shdsou (const int *inray, const long *ipray, const int *icray, int n);

INRAY is an integer array containing the states to be shaded. INRAY can have the following values:
1: Argentina 6: Ecuador 11: Suriname 2: Bolivia 7: French Guyana 12: Uruguay 3: Brazil 8: Guyana 13: Venezuela 4: Chile 9: Paraguay 5: Colombia 10: Peru 0: All

IPRAY is an integer array containing shading patterns.

ICRAY is an integer array containing colour numbers. The value -1 means that the current colour is used.

N is the number of states to be shaded.

S H D U S A

The routine SHDUSA plots shaded USA states.

The call is: CALL SHDUSA (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N) level 2

or: void shdusa (const int *inray, const long *ipray, const int *icray, int n);

INRAY is an integer array containing the states to be shaded. INRAY can have the following values:
1: Alabama 19: Maine 37: Oregon 2: Alaska 20: Maryland 38: Pennsylvania 3: Arizona 21: Massachusetts 39: Rhode Island 4: Arkansas 22: Michigan 40: South Carolina 5: California 23: Minnesota 41: South Dakota 6: Colorado 24: Mississippi 42: Tennessee 7: Connecticut 25: Missouri 43: Texas 8: Delaware 26: Montana 44: Utah 9: Florida 27: Nebraska 45: Vermont 10: Georgia 28: Nevada 46: Virginia 11: Hawaii 29: New Hampshire 47: Washington 12: Idaho 30: New Jersey 48: West Virginia 13: Illinois 31: New Mexico 49: Wisconsin 14: Indiana 32: New York 50: Wyoming 15: Iowa 33: North Carolina 51: Washington DC 16: Kansas 34: North Dakota 17: Kentucky 35: Ohio 18: Louisiana 36: Oklahoma 0: USA

IPRAY is an integer array containing shading patterns.

ICRAY is an integer array containing colour numbers. The value -1 means that the current colour is used.

N is the number of states to be shaded.

M A P I M G

The routine MAPIMG plots a BMP or GIF raster image to an axis system. Some parameters which describe the location, scale and rotation of the map are passed to MAPIMG. The parameters have the same meaning as the attributes of the ESRI World File Format.

The call is: CALL MAPIMG (CFIL, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6) level 2

or: void mapimg (char *cfil, float x1, float x2, float x3, float x4, float x5, float x6);

CFIL is a character string that contains the name of a BMP or GIF file.

X1 is the pixel size in the X-direction in map units per pixel.

X2 is the rotation about the Y-axis.

X3 is the rotation about the X-axis.

X4 is the pixel size in the Y-direction in map units per pixel. This value is normally a negative number.

X5 is the X-coordinate of the centre of the upper left pixel.

X6 is the Y-coordinate of the centre of the upper left pixel.

13.4 Plotting Data Points

C U R V M P

The routine CURVMP plots curves through data points or marks them with symbols.

The call is: CALL CURVMP (XRAY, YRAY, N) level 2

or: void curvmp (const float *xray, const float *yray, int n);

XRAY, YRAY are real arrays containing the data points.

N is the number of data points.

Additional notes:

CURVMP is similar to CURVE except that only a linear interpolation can be used.
In general, a line between two points on the globe will not be projected as a straight line. Therefore, CURVMP interpolates lines linearly by small steps. An alternate plotting mode can be set with MAPMOD.

13.5 Parameter Setting Routines

M A P B A S

The routine MAPBAS defines the map data file used in the routine WORLD. An internal DISLIN map file, some external map files compiled by Paul Wessel and map files in Mapgen format can be used. The map files compiled by Paul Wessel can be copied via FTP anonymous from the sites

The external map files 'gshhs_l.b', 'gshhs_i.b', 'gshhs_h.b' and 'gshhs_f.b' must be copied to the map subdirectory of the DISLIN directory, or the name of the map file must be specified with the routine MAPFIL.

Map files in Mapgen format are available from the Coastline Extractor:

http://rimmer.ngdc.noaa.gov

The call is:	CALL MAPBAS (COPT)	level 1, 2
or:	void mapbas (const char *copt);

COPT is a character string defining the map data file.

= 'DISLIN' defines the DISLIN base map.

= 'GSHL' defines 'gshhs_l.b' as base map.

= 'GSHI' defines 'gshhs_l.i' as base map.

= 'GSHH' defines 'gshhs_l.h' as base map.

= 'GSHF' defines 'gshhs_l.f' as base map.

= 'MAPFIL' defines an external map file as base map that is specified with the routine MAPFIL.
Default: COPT = 'DISLIN'.

M A P F I L

The routine MAPFIL defines an external map file. The map file can be used as base map if the routine MAPBAS is called with the parameter 'MAPFIL'.

The call is: CALL MAPFIL (CFIL, COPT) level 1, 2

or: void mapfil (const char *cfil, const char *copt);

CFIL is a character string containing the filename of the external map file.

COPT is a character string describing the format of the map coordinates. COPT can have the values 'GSHHS' and 'MAPGEN'.

M A P D I R

DISLIN searches for map files in the subdirectory 'map' of the DISLIN directory. This behaviour can be changed with the routine MAPDIR.

The call is: CALL MAPDIR (CFIL, COPT) level 1, 2

or: void mapdir (const char *cdir);

CDIR is a character string containing the directory where DISLIN searches for map files.

M A P L E V

The routine MAPLEV defines land or lake coordinates for WORLD if the external map files from Paul Wessel are used.

The call is: CALL MAPLEV (COPT) level 1, 2

or: void maplev (const char *copt);

COPT is a character string that can have the values 'BOTH', 'LAND', 'LAKE' and 'RIVERS'. The keyword 'BOTH' means 'LAND' and 'LAKE'. If COPT = 'RIVERS', the WDB rivers distributed with the GSHHS coordinates are plotted.
Default: COPT = 'BOTH'.

M A P P O L

MAPPOL defines the map pole used for azimuthal projections.

The call is: CALL MAPPOL (XPOL, YPOL) level 1

or: void mappol (float xpol, float ypol);

XPOL, YPOL are the longitude and latitude coordinates in degrees where:
-180 <= XPOL <= 180 and -90 <= YPOL <= 90.
Default: (0., 0.)

Additional note:

For an azimuthal projection with YE - YA <= 90, the map pole will be set by GRAFMP to ((XA+XE)/2, (YA+YE)/2).

M A P S P H

For an azimuthal projection with YE - YA > 90, DISLIN automatically projects a hemisphere around the map pole onto a circle. The hemisphere can be reduced using MAPSPH.

The call is: CALL MAPSPH (XRAD) level 1

or: void mapsph (float xrad);

XRAD defines the region around the map pole that will be projected onto a circle (0 < XRAD <= 90).
Default: XRAD = 90.

M A P R E F

The routine MAPREF defines, for conical projections, two latitudes where the cone intersects or touches the globe.

The call is: CALL MAPREF (YLW, YUP) level 1

or: void mapref (float ylw, float yup);

YLW, YUP are the lower and upper latitudes where:
0 <= YLW <= YUP <= 90 or - 90 <= YLW <= YUP <= 0
Default: YLW = YA + 0.25 * (YE - YA), YUP = YA + 0.75 * (YE - YA)

Additional note:

YLW and YUP can have identical values and lie outside of the axis scaling.

M A P L A B

The routine MAPLAB enables axis system labels for azimuthal and elliptical projections.

The call is: CALL MAPLAB (COPT, CKEY) level 1, 2

or: void maplab (const char *copt, const char *ckey);

COPT is a character string that can contain the options 'NONE', 'LEFT', 'RIGHT' and 'BOTH'.

CKEY is a character string containing the keyword 'LATITUDE'.
Default: ('NONE', 'LATITUDE').

M A P M O D

The routine MAPMOD determines how data points will be connected by CURVMP.

The call is: CALL MAPMOD (CMODE) level 1, 2

or: void mapmod (const char *cmode);

CMODE is a character string defining the connection mode.

= 'STRAIGHT' defines straight lines.

= 'INTER' means that lines will be interpolated linearly.

= 'GREAT' means Great Circle interpolation.
Default: CMODE = 'INTER'.

M A P O P T

The routine MAPOPT enables political borders plotted by the routine WORLD, or sets an option to adjust the length of the X-axis to the scaling.

The call is: CALL MAPOPT (COPT, CKEY) level 1, 2

or: void mapopt (const char *copt, const char *ckey);

COPT is a character string containing an option.

CKEY is a character string containing a keyword:

= 'WORLD' If CKEY = 'WORLD', COPT can have the values 'COAST', 'BORDERS' and 'BOTH'. The default value is COPT = 'COAST'.

= 'XAXIS' If CKEY = 'XAXIS', COPT can have the values 'STANDARD' and 'AUTO'. Normally, longitude and latitude coordinates will be projected with the same scaling factor where the scaling factor is determined by the scaling of the Y-axis while the scaling of the X-axis is used to centre the map. For COPT = 'AUTO', DISLIN tries the change the length of the X-axis, so that the axis length corresponds to the scaling parameters in GRAFMP for the X-axis. The default value is COPT = 'STANDARD'.

13.6 Conversion of Coordinates

P O S 2 P T

The routine POS2PT converts map coordinates to plot coordinates.

The call is: CALL POS2PT (XLONG, YLAT, XP, YP) level 2

or: void pos2pt (float xlong, float ylat, float *xp, float *yp);

XLONG, YLAT are the map coordinates in degrees.

XP, YP are the plot coordinates calculated by POS2PT.

The corresponding functions are:

XP = X2DPOS (XLONG, YLAT)
YP = Y2DPOS (XLONG, YLAT)

P T 2 P O S

The routine PT2POS is the inverse routine to POS2PT and converts plot coordinates to map coordinates. The plot coordinates should be located in the current axis system.

The call is: CALL PT2POS (XP, YP, XLONG, YLAT) level 2

or: void pt2pos (float xp, float yp, float *xlong, float *ylat);

XP, YP are the plot coordinates.

XLONG, YLAT are the map coordinates claculated by PT2POS.

13.7 User-defined Projections

A user-defined projection can be enabled with the keyword 'MYPR' in the routine PROJCT. For a user-defined projection, the user must write a routine that converts longitude and latitude coordinates to axis coordinates (plot coordinates relative to the origin of the axis system). The name of the user written routine must then passed to DISLIN with the routine SETCBK.

S E T C B K

The routine SETCBK defines a user written callback routine.

The call is: CALL SETCBK (ROUTINE, 'MYPR') level 0, 1, 2, 3

or: void setcbk ((void) (*routine)(float *xp, float *yp), "MYPR");

ROUTINE is the name of a routine defined by the user. In Fortran, the routine must be declared as EXTERNAL.

In the following example, a cylindrical projection is implemented as an user-defined projection:

      PROGRAM MYPR
      EXTERNAL MYFUNC
      COMMON /MYCOMM/ XA,XE,YA,YE,NXL,NYL

      XA = -180.
      XE = 180.
      YA = -90.
      YE = 90.

      NXL = 2400
      NYL = 1200

      CALL METAFL ('cons')
      CALL DISINI
      CALL PAGERA 
      CALL COMPLX 
      CALL AXSLEN (NXL, NYL)

      CALL PROJCT ('MYPR') 
      CALL SETCBK (MYFUNC, 'MYPR')

      CALL GRAFMP (XA, XE, XA, 90., YA, YE, YA, 30.)
      CALL GRIDMP (1,1)
      CALL WORLD 
      CALL DISFIN 
      END

      SUBROUTINE MYFUNC (XP, YP)  
      COMMON /MYCOMM/ XA,XE,YA,YE,NXL,NYL
      XP = (XP - XA)/(XE - XA) * (NXL - 1)
      YP = (YP - YA)/(YE - YA) * (NYL - 1)
      END

13.8 Examples

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The call is:	CALL GRAFMP (XA, XE, XOR, XSTP, YA, YE, YOR, YSTP)	level 1
or:	void grafmp (float xa, float xe, float xor, float xstp, float ya, float ye, float yor, float ystp);

XA, XE	are the lower and upper limits of the X-axis.
XOR, XSTP	are the first X-axis label and the step between labels.
YA, YE	are the lower and upper limits of the Y-axis.
YOR, YSTP	are the first Y-axis label and the step between labels.

The call is:	CALL XAXMAP (A, B, OR, STEP, CSTR, NT, NY)	level 2
or:	void xaxmap (float a, float b, float or, float step, const char *cstr, int nt, int ny);

A, B	are the lower and upper limits of the X-axis.
OR, STEP	are the first label and the step between labels.
CSTR	is a character string containing the axis name.
NT	indicates how ticks, labels and the axis name are plotted. If NT = 0, they are plotted in a clockwise direction. If NT = 1, they are plotted in a counter-clockwise direction.
NY	defines the horizontal position of the X-axis. A secondary axis must be located inside the axis system.

The call is:	CALL YAXMAP (A, B, OR, STEP, CSTR, NT, NX)	level 2
or:	void yaxmap (float a, float b, float or, float step, const char *cstr, int nt, int nx);

The call is:	CALL PROJCT (CTYPE)	level 1
or:	void projct (const char *ctype);

CTYPE	is a character string defining the projection.
= 'CYLI'	defines a cylindrical equidistant projection.
= 'MERC'	selects the Mercator projection.
= 'EQUA'	defines a cylindrical equal-area projection.
= 'HAMM'	defines the elliptical projection of Hammer.
= 'AITO'	defines the elliptical projection of Aitoff.
= 'WINK'	defines the elliptical projection of Winkel.
= 'SANS'	defines the elliptical Mercator-Sanson projection.
= 'CONI'	defines a conical equidistant projection.
= 'ALBE'	defines a conical equal-area projection (Albers).
= 'CONF'	defines a conical conformal projection.
= 'AZIM'	defines an azimuthal equidistant projection.
= 'LAMB'	defines an azimuthal equal-area projection.
= 'STER'	defines an azimuthal stereographic projection.
= 'ORTH'	defines an azimuthal orthographic projection.
= 'MYPR'	defines a user-defined projection. Default: CTYPE = 'CYLI'.

The call is:	CALL SHDMAP (CMAP)	level 2
or:	void shdmap (const char *cmap);

CMAP	is a character string defining the continent.
= 'AFRI'	means Africa.
= 'ANTA'	means the Antarctic.
= 'AUST'	means Australia.
= 'EURA'	means Europe and Asia.
= 'NORT'	means North America.
= 'SOUT'	means South America.
= 'LAKE'	means lakes.
= 'ALL'	means all continents and lakes.
= 'SEA'	means that oceans and lakes are shaded.
= 'LSEA'	means that oceans and lakes are shaded, where 'gshhs_l.b' is used for sea shading.
= 'ISEA'	means that oceans and lakes are shaded, where 'gshhs_i.b' is used for sea shading.
= 'HSEA'	means that oceans and lakes are shaded, where 'gshhs_h.b' is used for sea shading.
= 'LAND'	means that all land is shaded without lakes.
= 'GSHL'	means that 'gshhs_l.b' is used for all land shading.
= 'GSHI'	means that 'gshhs_l.i' is used for all land shading.
= 'GSHH'	dmeans that 'gshhs_l.h' is used for all land shading.

The call is:	CALL SHDAFR (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N)	level 2
or:	void shdafr (const int inray, const long ipray, const int *icray, int n);

INRAY	is an integer array containing the countries to be shaded. INRAY can have the following values: 1: Algeria 19: Gabon 37: Nigeria 2: Angola 20: Gambia 38: Ruanda 3: Benin 21: Ghana 39: Senegal 4: Botswana 22: Guinea 40: Seychelles 5: Burkina Faso 23: Guinea Bissau 41: Sierra Leone 6: Burundi 24: Kenya 42: Somalia 7: Cameroon 25: Lesotho 43: South Africa 8: Central Afr. Rep. 26: Liberia 44: Sudan 9: Chad 27: Libya 45: Swaziland 10: Comoros 28: Madagascar 46: Tanzania 11: Congo, Dem. Rep. 29: Malawi 47: Togo 12: Congo, Rep. 30: Mali 48: Tunisia 13: Cote d'Ivoire 31: Mauritania 49: Uganda 14: Djibouti 32: Mauritius 50: West Sahara 15: Egypt 33: Morocco 51: Zambia 16: Equatorial Guinea 34: Mozambique 52: Zimbabwe 17: Eritrea 35: Namibia 18: Ethiopia 36: Niger 0: Africa
IPRAY	is an integer array containing shading patterns.
ICRAY	is an integer array containing colour numbers. The value -1 means that the current colour is used.
N	is the number of countries to be shaded.

The call is:	CALL SHDASI (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N)	level 2
or:	void shdasi (const int inray, const long ipray, const int *icray, int n);

The call is:	CALL SHDAUS (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N)	level 2
or:	void shdaus (const int inray, const long ipray, const int *icray, int n);

The call is:	CALL SHDEUR (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N)	level 2
or:	void shdeur (const int inray, const long ipray, const int *icray, int n);

The call is:	CALL SHDNOR (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N)	level 2
or:	void shdnor (const int inray, const long ipray, const int *icray, int n);

INRAY	is an integer array containing the states to be shaded. INRAY can have the following values: 1: Alaska 13: El Salvador 25: Nicaragua 2: Antigua, Barbuda 14: Greenland 26: Panama 3: Bahamas 15: Grenada 27: Puerto Rico 4: Barbados 16: Guadeloupe 28: St. Kitts, Nevis 5: Belize 17: Guatemala 29: St. Lucia 6: British Virgin 18: Haiti 30: St. Vincent 7: Caiman Islands 19: Honduras 31: Trinidad 8: Canada 20: Jamaica 32: USA 9: Costa Rica 21: Martinique 10: Cuba 22: Mexico 11: Dominica 23: Montserrat 12: Dominican Rep. 24: Neth. Antilles 0: All
IPRAY	is an integer array containing shading patterns.
ICRAY	is an integer array containing colour numbers. The value -1 means that the current colour is used.
N	is the number of states to be shaded.

The call is:	CALL SHDSOU (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N)	level 2
or:	void shdsou (const int inray, const long ipray, const int *icray, int n);

The call is:	CALL SHDUSA (INRAY, IPRAY, ICRAY, N)	level 2
or:	void shdusa (const int inray, const long ipray, const int *icray, int n);

The call is:	CALL MAPIMG (CFIL, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6)	level 2
or:	void mapimg (char *cfil, float x1, float x2, float x3, float x4, float x5, float x6);

CFIL	is a character string that contains the name of a BMP or GIF file.
X1	is the pixel size in the X-direction in map units per pixel.
X2	is the rotation about the Y-axis.
X3	is the rotation about the X-axis.
X4	is the pixel size in the Y-direction in map units per pixel. This value is normally a negative number.
X5	is the X-coordinate of the centre of the upper left pixel.
X6	is the Y-coordinate of the centre of the upper left pixel.

The call is:	CALL CURVMP (XRAY, YRAY, N)	level 2
or:	void curvmp (const float xray, const float yray, int n);

XRAY, YRAY	are real arrays containing the data points.
N	is the number of data points.

COPT	is a character string defining the map data file.
= 'DISLIN'	defines the DISLIN base map.
= 'GSHL'	defines 'gshhs_l.b' as base map.
= 'GSHI'	defines 'gshhs_l.i' as base map.
= 'GSHH'	defines 'gshhs_l.h' as base map.
= 'GSHF'	defines 'gshhs_l.f' as base map.
= 'MAPFIL'	defines an external map file as base map that is specified with the routine MAPFIL. Default: COPT = 'DISLIN'.

The call is:	CALL MAPFIL (CFIL, COPT)	level 1, 2
or:	void mapfil (const char cfil, const char copt);

CFIL	is a character string containing the filename of the external map file.
COPT	is a character string describing the format of the map coordinates. COPT can have the values 'GSHHS' and 'MAPGEN'.

The call is:	CALL MAPDIR (CFIL, COPT)	level 1, 2
or:	void mapdir (const char *cdir);

The call is:	CALL MAPLEV (COPT)	level 1, 2
or:	void maplev (const char *copt);

The call is:	CALL MAPPOL (XPOL, YPOL)	level 1
or:	void mappol (float xpol, float ypol);

The call is:	CALL MAPSPH (XRAD)	level 1
or:	void mapsph (float xrad);

The call is:	CALL MAPREF (YLW, YUP)	level 1
or:	void mapref (float ylw, float yup);